Are Law Stating Cannot Use Dogs For Animal Testing
UNITED STATES
While proper intendance of animals used in research has been an on going priority for the majority of the scientific community, there have been some instances of mistreatment of animals in research laboratories. As a consequence of these occurrences, too as pressure from animal protection groups and the public, Congress enacted laws to regulate the care and employ of laboratory animals. Currently at that place are several layers of oversight of animal inquiry, which are outlined below.
Beast WELFARE ACT
The first federal constabulary regulating brute inquiry was the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act passed by Congress in 1966. This law covered the send, sale, and handling of animals and provided for licensing of animal dealers to prevent pet theft and their sale to research facilities. The original act covered dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, republic of guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits. This deed was passed with the help of the Animal Welfare Institute, an activist group led by Christine Stevens, which advocated more humane animal practices in laboratories. The passage of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act was also fueled by public outrage over an exposé in Life magazine that graphically documented the exercise of pet theft for sale to enquiry facilities.
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.Due south. Department of Agriculture (USDA) enforces this act by inspecting laboratories and monitoring compliance with the act. The act, at present known equally the Animal Welfare Act (AWA), has been amended iv times (1970, 1976, 1985, and 1991), each time elevating the standard of fauna intendance. The amendment of 1985 was the most extensive and had two very pregnant results. Starting time, an Animal Welfare Information Center (world wide web.nal.usda.gov/awic) was established to provide researchers with a database of alternatives to painful animal experiments. Second, each inquiry facility in the United States using protected species must register with the USDA and constitute an Institutional Fauna Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to review all experimental protocols involving live, warm-blooded animals. Similar committees had already existed to monitor clinical trials. The 1985 amendment to the AWA at present extended the same careful review to research on animals.
A quirk of the AWA, notwithstanding, is the fact that it does not cover the most common species of laboratory animals, namely rats, mice, and birds. In passing the AWA, Congress left the definition of "fauna" (that is, which species would be protected by the AWA) to the discretion of the Secretarial assistant of Agriculture, who opted not to include these species, primarily because the USDA has not had the resource to inspect all of these facilities. Despite numerous efforts by the animal protection community to alter the AWA to include rats, mice, and birds, an amendment was recently passed by Congress to permanently exclude rats, mice, and birds used in enquiry from coverage by the Creature Welfare Act. Information technology should be noted, withal, that these species are protected under Public Wellness Service Policy, though this oversight applies simply to those research facilities that receive federal funding. There are institutions, for example some individual companies and small teaching colleges, which only utilise rats, mice, and birds that are non subject area to the AWA or Public Health Service Policy.
THE PUBLIC Wellness SERVICE POLICY ON HUMANE Care AND Use OF LABORATORY ANIMALS (PHS POLICY)
Some other federal standard that guides the care and utilize of laboratory animals is the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS Policy). PHS Policy is based on the Health Research Extension Act passed by Congress in 1985. This police applies to any inquiry facility that receives PHS funds, which includes most universities and colleges that perform animal research. Scientists must comply with guidelines set forth in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide, see below). Each research facility must maintain an IACUC and report whether they have AAALAC International accreditation (see below). While PHS Policy applies just to PHS-funded research, information technology is broader than the Animal Welfare Act in that all vertebrate animals (including fish and reptiles) are covered.
INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND Apply Commission (IACUC)
An IACUC is established at each establishment to review all proposed animal experiments. Each animal protocol must include: (i) a justification for using animals, the number of animals to be used, and the species chosen, (2) the procedures or drugs to be used to eliminate or minimize hurting and discomfort, (three) a clarification of the methods and sources used to search for alternatives to painful procedures, and (4) a description of the search used to ensure that the experiment does not unnecessarily duplicate previous research.
An IACUC typically has at least five members, one of whom must be a Dr. of Veterinarian Medicine responsible for fauna care at the establishment. The committee must too include at least i scientist experienced in beast research, a professional whose main concerns are not scientific (for example, an ethicist, clergyperson, or lawyer) and a member who is non affiliated with the institution in whatsoever fashion and who is meant to correspond the interests of the community at large. The IACUC besides inspects animal facilities twice a year to ensure that the institution is in compliance with federal regulatory policy. The Applied Enquiry Ethics National Association (ARENA), in collaboration with the Role for Laboratory Fauna Welfare at NIH, publishes guidelines to help institutions organize and support IACUCs and to help IACUCs provide constructive oversight of the welfare of animals at their institution. ARENA's sister organization, Public Responsibility in Medicine and Inquiry (PRIM&R), holds yearly meetings for IACUC members and regularly holds training programs for new IACUC members.
STATE AND LOCAL REGULATION
Individual states may regulate the care and use of animals for research even further. Massachusetts, for example, has its own laws governing the intendance of enquiry animals, and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health licenses and inspects fauna research facilities that house dogs or cats. Many municipalities besides have laws and regulations that establish more local control over animal research occurring in their jurisdiction.
Association FOR ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION OF LABORATORY Fauna CARE INTERNATIONAL (AAALAC INTERNATIONAL)
The Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC International) is a nonprofit arrangement founded in 1965 to promote uniform standards of animate being care in U.Due south. laboratories.
AAALAC International monitors animal care within the United States and accredits research institutions on a voluntary footing by evaluating laboratories every iii years to ensure scientists comply with the guidelines set forth in the Guide. AAALAC International is also now accrediting enquiry and testing programs throughout the earth.
THE GUIDE FOR THE Intendance AND Use OF LABORATORY ANIMALS (THE GUIDE)
The Guide, published past the National Research Council and the Constitute for Laboratory Animal Research, is not just the ground for AAALAC International accreditation (mentioned previously) only is also a central part of Public Wellness Service Policy on the humane care and use of laboratory animals. The Guide'due south recommendations are enforceable based on the Health Enquiry Extension Act passed by Congress in 1985. The Guide has been updated six times. Noncompliance with the policies of the Guide results in loss of AAALAC International accreditation and is viewed every bit a serious matter that jeopardizes an institution'south funding by the NIH.
Table 1 Summary of Laboratory Animal Oversight
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| Regulation/ Regulatory or Oversight Trunk | Main Points |
|---|---|
| Animal Welfare Act | Protects all warm-blooded animals except rats, mice, and birds bred for research. This includes zoos, circuses, research labs, hospitals, businesses, federal agencies, dealers, breeders, etc. Each research institution that uses a covered species must have an IACUC review all animal experiment protocols. The USDA licenses research facilities and conducts annual, unannounced inspections. Violations are punished with fines, cease-and-desist orders, and license pause or revocation. |
| PHS Policy | Protects all vertebrate animals (including fish, reptiles, rats, mice, and birds) used in research funded by the Public Wellness Service. Each research facility provides a written program for complying with PHS Policy and the Guide. |
| PHS Policy | Each research institution that receives PHS funding must have the IACUC review all creature experimental protocols and inspect the facilities. No routine, unannounced inspections, merely all allegations of misuse are investigated by NIH's Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. Violations or loss of AAALAC accreditation can result in loss of PHS funding. |
| IACUC | A committee, organized at every enquiry facility subject to the AWA, PHS Policy, or AAALAC accreditation, which must review and approve or deny every proposed animal protocol. Each beast protocol must include:
IACUC members must audit their research facility twice a year. |
| AAALAC International | Nonprofit organization that accredits research facilities for compliance with the Guide. Accreditation is on a voluntary basis only. Announced site visits are conducted every 3 years. |
EUROPEAN UNION
Prior to 1986, legislation regulating the protection of animals used in inquiry varied among nations comprising the European union. In 1986, the Council of the European Communities issued Council Directive 86/609/EEC. The purpose of this directive was to eliminate the disparities in laboratory fauna protection laws among member nations. The directive outlines principles such as reduction in the number of animals used in research; guidelines for the adequate care of animals; elimination of unnecessary pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm; and avoidance of unnecessary duplication of experiments. While the provisions of the directive are specific, information technology is left to each member nation to determine how these provisions will be enacted and enforced. The directive as well provided that each nation must comply with the directive by 1989 and that every 3 years each member nation must submit a report on the number of animals used in research.
United kingdom
The major piece of legislation that regulates the use of animals in inquiry in the Britain is the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Deed 1986. This act (besides known every bit ASPA) provides for the licensing of experimental and other scientific procedures carried out on any vertebrate animal that may cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. This act covers all scientific procedures on whatever vertebrate animal from a simple blood draw to major surgery. While this act was passed in 1986, information technology continues to be amended to go on step with irresolute attitudes and knowledge regarding fauna intendance and employ. In 1998, it was amended to more closely conform to Quango Directive 86/609/EEC.
3Rs—Principle of reducing the number of animals used in research, refining scientific procedures to minimize hurting, and replacing animal experiments with in vitro models when possible.
The ASPA regulates through licensing projects and individuals. Project licenses are issued to those responsible for directing research programs and personal licenses are issued to individuals performing specific scientific procedures such as giving an injection or taking a blood sample. These licenses are reviewed and/or renewed every 5 years. The Animals Inspectorate is responsible for assessing applications for licenses and for inspecting work in progress to ensure compliance with ASPA, and each project must undergo an in-house upstanding review procedure that usually involves a commission much like an IACUC.
The issuance of a project license is dependent on several factors including adherence to the 3Rs (see 3Rs department), justification of cost and do good, and training and experience. When the justification of the project is considered, several issues are farther examined, such as the number of animals used, the specific production or noesis that will exist gained, and the severity of the procedures involved. Personal licenses depend mostly on sponsorship, that is, having a recognized authority vouch for an applicant's qualifications, grooming, feel, competence, and graphic symbol. The personal license also dictates the individual's level of supervision and outlines the specific guidelines on the use of anesthetics, drugs, animal husbandry, and so forth that must be followed.
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24650/
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